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Authentication - The process of determining the precise identity of someone who conducts an online transaction or who sends an online communication.
Biometrics - Authentication techniques that rely on biological phenomena, such as the individual characteristics of a person's finger, hand or eye geometry.
Certificate authorities - Online enterprises that distribute and manage digital certificates, which are used to authenticate identity in an online environment.
Chip card - Another name for a smart card; refers to a plastic card with an embedded integrated circuit, which offers memory and micro-processing capabilities.
Combi Card - A smart card with both "contact" and "contactless" interfaces.
Contact smart card - A smart card that requires physical contact with a card reading device to exchange data.
Contactless smart card - A smart card that transmits and receives data using radio frequency (RF) technology; does not require physical contact with a card reading device.
Cryptography - Mechanisms and practices used to encode data for security purposes.
Digital signature - A digital code attached to an online message that distinctly identifies the sender and confirms that a message has not been altered during transmission.
Encryption - The scrambling of data for confidentiality purposes; a practice that allows only intended recipients to decode information.
Hardware Security Module (HSM) - The system within a smart card infrastructure that securely manages the encryption and transmission of data.
Life cycle management - The processes required to update and track multi-application dynamic smart cards after they have been distributed to cardholders. Refers to the management of multi-application cards from issuance through end of service life.
M-commerce - Mobile commerce, the systems that allow people to conduct transactions anywhere, anytime, typically refers to use of mobile phones and other portable devices to conduct a variety of transactions.
Multi-application smart card - A microprocessor smart card - typically with lots of memory and computing power - with more than one application residing on it.
Personalization - The process by which specific information - such as applications and personal information - are loaded onto a smart card.
Personalization Preparation Process (P3) - A software-based system that provides secure key management and data generation for the smart card issuance process.
Post issuance management - A software-controlled process that allows the issuer to track cardholder activity such as the adding or deleting of applications from a smart card after it has been issued; also, the process used to replace lost or stolen smart cards.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - A system that uses digital certification and certificate authorities to positively identify people and ensure trust in online transactions.
Single-application smart card - A smart card issued by a single organization for a singular purpose.
Smart card operating system - The software on a smart card that controls the operation of a card; manages the applications and provides services, such as secure segregation, memory management, input/output and access to cryptographic primitives.
T-commerce - Television-based commerce; systems that allow people to conduct business securely through Internet-enabled television.
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